Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Industries

 Course Descriptions

Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants

The department of Pharmacognosy and medicinal plants offers courses that cover preparation of drugs from natural sources, their proper collection, storage and marketing according to official standards. Isolation of active constituents from the crude drugs is an important subject of Pharmacognosy. The courses also include surveying medicinal plants in Egypt, taxonomically and phytochemically as well as biologically, for their active ingredients. The department also offers courses in food analysis and evaluation of narcotics, poisons and stimulant drugs.

PHG 101: General Botany and Medicinal Plants: (Credit Hours 3)

Introduction to plant physiology; general structure of plant cell, protoplasm and plant cell wall. Structure of plant tissues; epidermis and meristems. The course deals with history of Pharmacognosy and the preparation of drugs for medicinal uses, Methods of storage of drugs, drug adulteration and its identification; the chemistry of plant constituents and factors affecting their efficacy. Study of drugs obtained from leaves; introduction of Leaves, morphological and anatomical features. The course includes examples of medicinal leaves focusing on local plants. Prerequisite: None

PHG 111: Pharmacognosy 1 (Credit Hours 4)

Study of drugs obtained from plant organs as, fruits, flowers, barks and woods. Introduction of fruits, flowers, barks and woods; their detailed morphological and anatomical features. The course includes examples of medicinal plants focusing on native drugs. Studying methods of cultivation, preparation, macroscopical and microscopical examination of each drug in its entire and powdered form. Also studying the active constituents, methods of identification, uses and methods of adulteration. Prerequisite: PHG 101

PHG 212: Pharmacognosy 2 (Credit Hours 4)

Includes study of drugs obtained from herbs, roots, subterranean and seeds. Study examples of crude drugs and their chemical groups; Study of unorganized drugs as balsams, gums, plant juices and resins including isolation, identification, assay, medicinal and commercial uses. Also the course includes analysis of poisons and narcotics. Prerequisite: PHG 101

PHG 221: Phytochemistry 1 (Credit Hours 4)

This course focuses on the study of active ingredients of crude drugs based on chemical classification; as alkaloids, glycosides, saponins and tannins. The course also deals with plant constituents as carbohydrates, fats, volatile oils; the study includes methods of isolation, identification, qualitative and quantitative evaluation, medicinal uses, physical and chemical properties and drug structure and medical activity relationship. Prerequisite: PHG 212

PHG 322: Phytochemistry 2 (Credit Hours 4)

Includes study of plants constituents not included in Phytochemistry (1); flavonoids, coumarins, anthraquinones. It includes other methods used for isolation of plant constituents. Official standards and microanalysis are included. It also includes study of principles of different chromatographic methods as tools for isolation and analysis of medicinal constituents. Prerequisite: PHC 221

PHG 331: Herbal Medicine (Credit Hours 2)

The course includes the use of herbal medicines for treatment of different types of diseases, their effects and their safety and their dosage forms. The course also includes the quality control and required specifications for herbal medicines according to that specified in different pharmacopeias and by international organizations. Prerequisite: PHG 322

PHG 632: Herbal Medicine Production (Credit Hours 2)

The course discusses the different factors that affect the production of medicinal plants and their constituents such as methods of cultivation, effect of ecology, soil and plant hormones on their growth, methods of collection, drying and storage. Also it covers the modern methods for production of active constituents of natural sources by tissue culture and precautions to be taken for the optimum yield. Meanwhile the course points to the marine plants and their medicinal potentiality together with methods of preparation of plant extracts and galenicals.Prerequisites: PHG 111, 212

Department of Pharmaceutical Technology

The department of pharmaceutical technology is responsible for teaching courses in different areas which deal mainly with the formulation and performance of dosage forms. It includes pharmaceutics and industrial pharmacy.

Pharmaceutics deals with the theoretical and practical study of the physico-chemical properties of the ingredients used in the formulation of various dosage forms, and the influence of these ingredients on their effectiveness. It also deals with the methods of compounding and manufacturing of the various dosage forms. Quality control tests and procedures used in determining their conformity to pharmacopoeial specifications are also studied. Courses in pharmaceutics also introduce the students to the most important proprietary products on the local market, their proper use and to the criteria used in their evaluation.

Industrial pharmacy deals with unit operation and unit process. Also is includes the regulations concerned with GMP, R&D and validation.

The department also supervises the teaching of a course in mathematics to pharmacy students.

PHT 101: Orientation to Pharmacy and History of Pharmacy (Credit Hours 2)

The course includes study of scope of pharmacy, pharmacy careers, ethics, the practice of community pharmacy as well as the role of pharmacists in industry hospital, government, military and research. The course also includes pharmacy education and international and national organizations.

This course also deals with the historical background of the pharmaceutical sciences, including different preludes of history, associated with the development of the profession of pharmacy in ancient Egypt and Arab countries. The course also deals with the development of pharmacy education and also the development pharmaceutical industry in Egypt. Prerequisite: None

PHT 111: Physical Pharmacy (Credit Hours 3)

Includes study of the physical properties of drug molecules. Solutions and solubility. Physicochemical properties of solutions. Buffers and buffer capacity. Molecular weight determinations. Surface activity and surfactants. The course also includes the study of Rheology and its application in pharmacy. Prerequisite: PHC 101

PHT 151: Mathematics (Credit Hours 2)

The course includes topics in arithmetic, algebra, presentation of data, logarithms, differentiation and integration and applications in pharmacy. Prerequisite: None

PHT 212: Introduction to Pharmaceutics (Credit Hours 1)

The course comprises an introduction to dosage forms (liquid, semisolid, solid and sterile dosage forms). The prescription (types, parts), compounding the prescription. Factors affecting dosage. Dosage calculation, pediatric and geriatric doses. Incompatibilities and methods of correction. Prerequisite: None

PHT 213: Pharmaceutics 1 (Credit Hours 4)

The study of liquid dosage forms. These preparations are either aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, colloids suspensions or emulsions. The study includes the physiochemical properties, methods of preparation, factors affecting stability and action. The course also includes the basic pharmaceutical calculations, Latin terms, weights and measures, dosage calculations and concentration and dilution of pharmaceutical preparations. Prerequisite: PHT 212

PHT 314: Pharmaceutics 2 (Credit Hours 4)

Ointments, their methods of preparation and effect on human body, preparation and quality control of suppositories, preparation and quality control of the different solid dosage forms, physical properties and flowability of powders, preparation of powders, capsules and tablets and sustained release medications. Prerequisite: PHT 212

PHT 315: Pharmaceutics 3 (Credit Hours 3)

The course includes preparation and quality control of parenteral solutions, preparation of total parenteral nutrition solutions, ophthalmic preparations, preparations for ENT., isotonic solutions and adjustment of isotonicity. Prerequisite: PHT 213

PHT 421: Reaction Kinetics and Drug Stability (Credit Hours 3)

Study of kinetics of drug degradation, stability testing and factors affecting stability, shelf and accelerated stability, storage conditions and effect on stability of drugs and the calculation of expiration date.Prerequisites: PHT 111, PHT 151

PHT 431: Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics (Credit Hours 4)

Principles and applications of biopharmaceutics including physico-chemical, physiological and formulation factors affecting drug bioavailability. Sustained release formulation and evaluation. Study of the kinetics of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of the drug in the body. It includes compartmental models, volume of distribution, mathematical review, and kinetics of pharmacological effect, multiple dosing, renal impairment, renal and hepatic excretions and dosage regimen adjustment. Prerequisite: PHT 421

PHT 522: Industrial Pharmacy 1 (Credit Hours 3)

This course comprises study of the pharmaceutical operations and equipment used in manufacturing of drugs. It deals also with factory layout and operation. It includes GMP regulations. Prerequisite: PHT 314

PHT 523: Industrial Pharmacy 2 (Credit Hours 3)

Detailed study of processes used in pharmaceutical industry like heating, evaporation, drying, distillation, extraction, crystallization, filtration and size reduction. The use of these methods in preparation of raw materials and dosage forms. Study of emulsification process and flow properties of liquids. Study of packaging and packaging materials. Prerequisite: PHT 522

PHT 531: Quality Control and Quality Assurance (Credit Hours 3)

The course includes good manufacturing practice regulations. Quality assurance with emphasis on process validation and sampling technique. Also the course includes documentations and standard operating procedures (S.O.P.^s). Prerequisite: Co. PHT 523

PHT 616: Dermatologicals and Cosmetics (Credit Hours 2)

The course includes the study of the different types of cosmetic and skin products, their preparation, evaluation and use. Prerequisite: PHT 314

Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology 

The department of pharmacology offers courses in pharmacology, clinical pharmacology, toxicology, biological standardization of drugs, biochemistry and laboratory defined data bases. The department also supervises courses in anatomy, physiology and pathology.

The study programs aim to establish the basis needed to know every aspect in drug action starting by studying the anatomical systems of human body then the physiology of all the body organs. The abnormal physiology resulting into pathological conditions is also studied. The students also study the biochemical reactions in the body.

The pharmacological effects of drugs is then studied, indications, side effects, and toxicity.

Toxicology deals with studying the adverse effects of chemotherapeutic agents and drugs, methods of toxicity, signs and symptoms of toxicity and treatment of toxicity symptoms. The Biological standardization course deals with the official methods for bioassay of drugs.

PHL 101: Anatomy and Histology (Credit Hours 3)

A study of the anatomy of the human body with special emphasis on histology, central and autonomic nervous systems, cardiovascular system, locomotive system, gastrointestinal system, genito-urinary system, eye and ear.

PHL 102: Medical Terminology (Credit Hours 1)

The course includes the terms and definitions used commonly in pharmacy and medical field and the basis for terminology. The objective is to make a sort of interactions between the pharmacists and physicians.

PHL 202: Physiology (Credit Hours 2)

Physiological properties of protoplasm, the animal cell, muscles, nerves, the autonomic nervous system, including integration of autonomic functions and higher control centers. The cardiovascular system, including the heart, the circulation and special circulation, as capillary, lymphatic and coronary circulations. Study will also deal with maintenance of blood pH and respiration. The Kidneys, including regulation of pH, digestion and the nervous system. Prerequisite: None

PHL 311: Pharmacology 1 (Credit Hours 3)

This course is dealing with pharmacological principles, pharmacology of cardiovascular system and gastrointestinal disorders. Prerequisite: PHL 202, PHL 101

PHL 351: Biochemistry 1 (Credit Hours 4)

This course is dealing with the study of the chemistry and biological importance of proteins, nucleic acids and porphyrins. Emphasis is given to the study of enzyme kinetics and to the biological oxidation. Prerequisite: PHC 112, PHL 202

PHL 352: Biochemistry 2 (Credit Hours 4)
 

This course includes normal metabolic pathways of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins in addition to electrolyte balance. The laboratory work is dealing with the determination of blood and urine constituents. Prerequisite: PHL 351

PHL 412: Pharmacology 2 (Credit Hours 3)

It includes pharmacology of kidney, endocrine glands, gastro-intestinal tract, respiration, and locally acting drugs. CNS acting drugs and psychoactive agents. Pharmacology of chemotherapeutic agents is included in this course. Prerequisite: PHL 311

PHL 421: Clinical Pharmacology (Credit Hours 3)

This course deals with studying general principles in clinical pharmacology with special emphasis on clinical trials of new drugs and misuse of medications. It deals also with indications, contraindications, and interactions. The study also includes the pathophysiological considerations of major drug groups used in the treatment of human diseases. Prerequisite: PHL 311

PHL 453: Clinical Biochemistry (Credit Hours 3)

This course is dealing with the study of biochemical changes occurring in the human body under pathological conditions. Disorders in carbohydrate, lipid, protein and mineral metabolism as well as endocrine and acid base balance equilibrium are assessed by using laboratory data. Laboratory work deals with evaluation of biological constituents of the blood and urine in pathological cases. Prerequisite: PHL 452

PHL 531: Biostatistics (Credit Hours 3)

This course is dealing with principles of quantitative biological techniques as applied to assays of hormones, sera, vaccines, toxins, antitoxins, antibiotics and vitamins. Pharmacopoeial limits and requirements are included. Prerequisite: PHL 412

PHL 541: Toxicology and Forensic Chemistry (Credit Hours 4)

This course includes general principles in toxicology, toxic manifestations and antidotal measures of environmental poisons (air pollutants, industrial poisons, animal poisons, food poisoning etc...) and drugs. Prerequisite: PHL 311

PHL 642: Clinical Toxicology (Credit Hours 2), Co.

This course integrates the principles of drug therapy with cases of toxicity. Diagnosis and therapy of poisoned cases will be studied. Prerequisite: PHL 541

This course is dealing with misuse of drugs, drug dependence and drug induced diseases. The course also includes the rational and irrational use of drugs. Prerequisite: PHL 541

Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry

The department of pharmaceutical chemistry offers courses in pharmaceutical organic chemistry, pharmaceutical analytical chemistry and medicinal chemistry. These courses form the bases for many other courses in pharmaceutical sciences. Courses in pharmaceutical analysis involve analysis of drugs and pharmaceutical formulations for the purpose of checking their quality and conformity to international standards. Classical methods of analysis are covered and special emphasis is given to modern instrumental methods used in drug analysis Courses in medicinal chemistry cover structure activity relationship and drug receptor interaction as well as effect of physical and chemical properties on biological activity. The synthesis and metabolism of selected compounds from different classes of medicinal agents are also covered.

PHC 101: General Chemistry and Physical Chemistry (Credit Hours 4)

The Course deals with quantum theory and electronic structure of atoms, periodic Table, bonding and structure, covalent bonding orbitals.The course includes also study of gases, liquids and solid state. Solubility and dissolution rate. Properties of solutions. Chemical equilibria and law of mass action. Thermodynamics. Dispersion systems. Molecular and intermolecular forces.

PHC 111: Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry 1 (Credit Hours 4)

The course includes structures, nomenclatures, synthesis, reaction mechanisms of aliphatic compounds containing various functional groups. Selected examples of medicinal and pharmaceutical compounds are discussed. Tests for identification of alcohols, phenols, aldehydes and ketones.

PHC 112: Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry 2 (Credit Hours 3)

The study of aromatic compounds containing various functional groups and polynuclear hydrocarbons. Physical properties of some organic compounds. Tests for identification of carboxylic acids and acid derivatives, amines & its salts, hydrocarbons & halogenated hydrocarbons. Prerequisite: PHC 111

PHC 121: Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry 1 (Credit Hours 3)

The Course deals with Study of qualitative inorganic analytical chemistry including introduction to the course and identification of different anionic groups, cyanogens, phosphate carbonates, sulphur, halides and nitrate groups. In addition to different cations groups (I VI).Emphasis is also given to gravimetric analysis.

PHC 213: Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry 3 (Credit Hours 4)

This course deals with structure nomenclature, properties, preparation and reaction of heterocyclic compounds. The course deals also with stereo-chemistry. Prerequisite: PHC 111

PHC 214: Spectrometric Identification of Pharmaceutical Compounds (Credit Hours 2)

The course deals with the principles and applications of NMR, UV, MS, and IR spectrometry in the structure elucidation of organic compounds. Prerequisite: PHC 213

PHC 222: Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry 2 (Credit Hours 4)

The course deals with quantitative analysis and study of aqueous and non aqueous titrations, oxidation- reduction titrations. Emphasis is also given to preciptemetric titration. Finally the course deals with interpretation of the results using statistical methods of analysis and compare between results in accuracy and precision. Prerequisite: PHC 121

PHC 223: Applied Analytical Chemistry (Credit Hours 2)

The course deals with methods of analysis of pharmaceutical compounds using complex formation titration and its application, also the course deals with chemistry and analysis of water. In addition to hardness of water, detection of anions, oxygen dissolved and absorbed and interpretation of the results. Prerequisite: PHC 121

PHC 224: Instrumental Analysis (Credit Hours 4)

The course deals with absorption spectroscopy, instrumentation, colorimetry, quantitative determination of components, also emission spectroscopy including theory of fluorescence, phosphorescence, different relaxation processes, and study factors affecting fluorescence, quantitative fluorescence, instrumentation and applications. Flame spectroscopy including flame emission and atomic absorption. Separation techniques (by chromatography) in addition to electrochemistry containing conductometry, potentiometry and polagrophy.

PHC 331: Pharmaceutical Chemistry 1 (Credit Hours 4)

The course includes introduction to pharmaceutical chemistry, its importance in the field of drug inducting and drug discovery. The course includes the study of Antimicrobials, antibiotics antihistamines, antiepileptics, antidiabetics..... Etc.

The chemical structure of these compounds, their method of preparations, purification and their method of assay will be studied. Prerequisite: PHC 213, PHC 214

PHC 432: Pharmaceutical Chemistry 2 (Credit Hours 4)

Includes introduction to physico chemical properties of drugs and drug action, including receptorsite theories, the synthesis and structure-activity relationships of some classes of pharmacodynamic agents. The course also comprises study of chemotherapeutic agents (hormones, vitamins, C.N.S stimulants and depressant anesthetic drugs, analgesics antipyretics, tranquilizers), pro drug and drug metabolism. Prerequisite: PHC 331

PHC 433: Drug Design (Credit Hours 3)

Includes: structure activity relationship, general classification of SAR methods, quantum mechanical approaches, molecular connectivity, molecular modification by isosteric replacement and drug transport.Prerequisite: PHC 213

PHT 531: Pharmaceutical Quality Control and Quality Assurance

The quality control course deals with good analytical practice, sampling of pharmaceuticals and related materials, validation of analytical methods including compendial testing, equipment qualification. Drug stabilities, stability studies, and stability indicating methods.

PHC 626: Analyses of food & Cosmetics (Credit Hours 2)

The objective of the course is to show the application of analytical chemistry in different fields, the student will study the following:

Food analysis:

a.    Milk analysis: composition, nutritional importance, analysis of milk condensed milk and dry milk.

b.    Oils and fats analysis: composition, analysis according to the pharmacopiea monographs; physical examination, chemistry examination, FDA and pharmacopial compliance detection and determination of adulterants.

Cosmetics analysis:

Classification of cosmetics, types and analysis of additives, preservatives and FDA approved coloring matters, general methods for analysis of volatile and non volatile matter, water & nitrogen contents. Prerequisite: PHC 224

Department of Microbiology

Microbiology deals with the theoretical and practical study of the microscopic and chemical properties of microorganisms, laboratory tests used in the diagnosis of diseases, and the application of antibiotics in their treatment. It also deals with the methods of sterilization as well as infectious diseases, and public health. Also the department deals with the study of immunology and virology.

PMI 201: Pathology and Parasitology (Credit Hours 3)

Introduction to pathology, inflammation and repair, disturbances of circulation, infectious, diseases, vitamins deficiencies and disturbances of growth. Helminthology, entomology and protozoology. The course includes the identifications and the detection of different types.

PMI 311: Basic Microbiology and Immunology (Credit Hours ?)

A study of the biological characteristics of different groups of microorganisms; their classification, morphology, anatomy, chemistry, nutrition, metabolism, biosynthesis, growth and genetics. The study includes principles of immunology. Prerequisite: PHL 202

PMI 412: Medical Microbiology (Credit Hours 3)

The course deals with the role of microorganisms in infectious disease. The study includes the causative agent, its general characteristics, pathogenicity, clinical symptoms, laboratory diagnosis, prevention and control. The treatment of different bacterial, fungal, rickettsial, viral, protozoal and helminthal infections. Prerequisite: PMI 201

PMI 413: Public and Environmental Health (Credit Hours 2)

This course deals with the study of diseases prevailing in Egypt compared statistically to diseases prevailing in other countries. The course should concentrate on epidemic diseases, and its prevention. Prerequisite: PMI 412

PMI 514: Pharmaceutical Microbiology (Credit Hours 4)

Chemotherapy of infectious diseases, sterilization by physical and chemical methods and its application in pharmacy. Preservation and testing preservative efficiency. Evaluation of antimicrobial agents. Prerequisite: PMI 311

PMI 515: Biotechnology (Credit Hours 2)

The course includes introduction to biotechnology, its use in drug industry and agriculture.etc. The study includes drugs produced by genetic engineering and its value to human beings. Prerequisite: PHL 352

PMI 616: Diagnostic Microbiology (Credit Hours 2)

The course deals with the application of modern techniques in diagnostic microbiology and instrumental methods in diagnosis. The course also deals with the interpretation of analysis data for diagnosis of infectious diseases. Recommendations for therapy. Prerequisite: PMI 311

Department of Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Pharmacy

The department of pharmacy practice and clinical pharmacy offers applied courses aimed at providing the student with the knowledge and practice experience that enable him to provide better patient care and rational drug use. The courses cover hospital pharmacy, community pharmacy, pharmacy administration, pharmacy regulations, pharmaceutical statistics, marketing, drug information and clinical pharmacy.

 Clinical pharmacy in its broadest sense involves the pharmacists active participation as a member of the health care team. This involves: patient counseling on the proper and safe use of medications, therapeutic drug monitoring, monitoring drug interactions as well as providing physicians, nurses and patients with drug information.

PHP 301: Pharmacy Management (Credit Hours 1)

Pharmacy organizational management. Managerial skills. Purchasing, sales and finances in pharmacy practice, planning, personnel management and financial analysis.

PHP 302: Pharmacy Legislation & Community Pharmacy (Credit Hours 2)

Pharmacy regulations concerning pharmacy law for pharmacy professions drug registration in Egypt, drug handling and licensing. The course also includes the laws controlling the use of narcotic drugs.

Community pharmacy deals with the self care and self medication. The course includes the activities of the community pharmacist in processing prescription, care of patients or clinical pharmacy, monitoring and utilization, small-scale manufacture of medicines, responding to symptoms of minor ailments (OTC drug), informing health care professionals and the public health promotion. Prerequisite: PHL 102

PHP 421: Hospital Pharmacy 1 (Credit Hours 3)

The development, functions, organization and administration of pharmaceutical services within the hospital. A general survey in which insight is given into the unique aspects of hospital pharmacy practice. The role of hospital pharmacists in PTC and hospital formulary. Prerequisite: PHT 315

PHP 422: Promotion and Drug Marketing (Credit Hours 2)

Study of the economical considerations related to marketing and distribution of pharmaceutical products. Budget preparation and analysis. Inventory techniques and merchandise turnover. Prerequisite: PHP 302

PHP 511: Clinical Pharmacy 1 (Credit Hours 3)

The course deals with selected major disease states and their therapy, especially in the individualization of drug usages. The role of the pharmacist in the provision of optimal patient care through monitoring of patients drug therapy is emphasized. Prerequisite: PHL 421

PHP 512: Clinical Pharmacokinetics (Credit Hours 3)

The course includes the application of pharmacokinetics clinically on patients especially for dose adjustment in kidney and liver diseases. Also application of the pharmacokinetics in I.V. infusion and TPN. The course also includes non-linear pharmacokinetics.

It also includes principles of clinical pharmacokinetics of various drugs and their application to the therapy of various disease states. Development of dosage regimens and interpretation of serum drug levels based on pharmacokinetic concepts. Prerequisite: PHT 431

PHP 513: Drug Interactions and Drug Information (Credit Hours 2)

The course comprises the study of the interactions of concomitantly administered drugs as well as drug-food interactions. The course also introduces the skills necessary for the pharmacist to provide. Prerequisite: PHL 421

PHP 522*: First Aid (Credit Hours 1)

It includes the study of the first aid measures for different types of accidents as well as signs and symptoms and management of some critical medical conditions affecting the cardio-vascular, gastrointestinal respiratory and nervous system. Prerequisite: PHL 101

PHP 614: Clinical Pharmacy 2 (Credit Hours 3)

The course deals with the study of the different diseases and selection of study cases especially in the field of internal medicine, skin, oncology ...etc. The course also includes the role of the pharmacist in providing pharmaceutical health care to the patient. Prerequisite: PHP 511

PHP 615: Clinical Pharmacy 3 (Credit Hours 3)

The course deals with providing instructions and supervised clinical experience. Training emphasizes effective monitoring of drug therapy, preventing, detection and correcting drug related problems, and managing and optimizing drug therapy. Practical experience is gained in various in-patient services including therapeutic drug monitoring utilizing clinical pharmacokinetic tools and knowledge, consultations, communication with other members of the health care team as well as with patients. Drug histories and discharge consultation are required as well as attending rounds with medical teams in general medicine, pediatrics, and / or general surgery. Particular attention to drug information center. Prerequisite: PHL 421

PHP 616: Hospital Pharmacy 2

This course deals with the pharmaceutical services offered to in-patients and out-patients. It includes drug distribution, I.V. admixtures, total parenteral nutrition, and dosage calculations. Emphasis is also given to design and manufacture of formulations for hospital use including their quality assurance and packaging.